Impact of various factors on the incidence of congenital abnormalities as diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound examination in Lady Willingdon Hospital [LWH]

To study the impact of various factors on the incidence of congenital Abnormalities as diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound examination. 1794 congenitally abnormal fetuses were diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound examination in LWH during the period from 4th August 2004 to 31st December 2011. On average, 224 cases of congenitally abnormal fetuses were diagnosed per year. 1652 cases were recorded from the Lahore and adjoining districts mainly on the north side of Lahore. Maximum number of patients were around 25 years of age, were in their first year of marriage with an obstetrical history of gravida 1 and para 0. In 1020 cases consanguineous marriages were present. Counseling regarding completion of family at an earlier age, cousin marriages, avoidance of certain environmental hazards, having serial antenatal ultrasound examinations and food and dietary supplementation may help to reduce the incidence of congenital abnormalities in a significant way

Incidence of an articular facet on conoid tubercle of adult Pakistani clavicles

Presence of an articular facet on the conoid tubercle of clavicles the existence of coracoclavicular joint. Among 450 Pakistani adult clavicles examined, facet was found present in 52 [11.5%] male and in only 1 [8.3%] female clavicle comparable to the previous observations in Asian 10.1% in males and 8.3% in females clavicles. The most common shape of the facet noticed was oval. Double circular facets were seen in only one left clavicle. The average size of facet measured was 10 x 6 millimeters

rare human cranium showing maximum classical epigenetic variants

one hundred and fifty Skulls were examined for 32 classical Epigenetic variants listed in Gray's Anatomy 36th edition. Three or four variants were found in each skull. It was however, noted that 19 out of 32 classical variants were present in one skuII along with two more additional variants [i.e. Occipito - Mastoid ossuturale and paramastoid foramen] which are not mentioned in anatomical texts